X-ray microfluorescence (XRMF) analysis uses a finely collimated beam of X-rays to excite fluorescent rational in a sample. Characteristic fluorescent radiation emanating from the small interaction volume element is acquired using an energy dispersive detector placed in close proximity to the sample. The signal from the detector is processed using a computer-based multi-channel analyser. XRMF imaging is accomplished by translating the sample through the small X-ray beam in a step or continuous raster mode. As the sample is translated, a pixel by pixel X-ray intensity image is formed for each chemical element in the sample. The resulting digitised image information for each element is stored for subsequent processing and/or display.