Low Temperature Additive Manufacturing Of Three Dimensional Scaffolds For Bone-Tissue Engineering Applications: Processing Related Challenges And Property Assessment

In the last two decades, additive manufacturing (AM) has made significant progress towards the fabrication of bio-materials and tissue engineering constructs. One direction of research is focused on the development of mechanically stable implants with patient-specific size/shape and another direction has been to fabricate tissue-engineered scaffolds with designed porous architecture to facilitate vascularization. Among AM techniques, 3D powder printing (3DPL) is based on extrusion of bio-polymers to create artificial tissues. This review aims to develop a better understanding of the science and engineering aspects of these low temperature AM techniques in the context of the bone-tissue engineering applications.